HIstory #9 HIstory of Computers

What is an abacus?the first computer because, it was able to perform simple math calculations.
In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?the first freely programmable computer

Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.
In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations.

Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.

In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom? for the Census Bureau.
What does UNIVAC stand for?
universal Automatic Computer

In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?International Business Machines.
What is FORTRAN?The first successful high level programming language. FORTRAN: The IBA mathematical Formula Translating System.

Post a photo of the first mouse.
In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?By making them more user-friendly tool.
What is the significance of ARPnet?
was the first internet , was developed to protect the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers.
(Advaced Research Projects Agency Network.)

In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.
the first single chip microprocessor, the intel 4004.

In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.The first "memory disk" commonly called the "Floppy Disk" Because of its flexiblity.
In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?The first ethernet computer network.

Altair

Apple I

Apple II

TRS-80

Commodore PET

During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.

In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package? the HS-DOS computer operating system which was packages with the IBM PC

Post a photo of the Lisa computer.

In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?Xerox Corporation
What is GUI?Graphical user interface.

Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.
In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?Apple macintosh computer, GUI
The commercial only ran one time. When?1984, during the super bowl.
response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?the windows operating system
Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?
N/A
When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?
N/A
Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?
N/A
Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.
N/A
Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?
Probably a little further than we are now, I don't believe there will be flying cars of anything as most people think. It takes so much longer to develop something mind-blowing than ten years.

History #8. History of Photography

Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?by printing and photography innovations, printing presses could only publish from engravings or woodcuts until the 1880's

What is a camera obscura?was known to scholars and philosphers as a way to observe light. it is an optical devise that projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen.

Post an example of a camera obscura.

How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?it was for the safe observation of solar eclipses and the phases of the moon.

From where did the photographic camera develop?from the portable box
Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?by Sir John Hershel, derived from the Greek words for light and writing.

Post an the first photograph. 

Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?Joseph Niepce

Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.
Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Daguerre, it made the image permanent, even though it became an instant craze, there was a growing need for means of duplicating images , which was not possible.

Post an example of a Calotype image.
Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?William Fox Talbot, the subject was exposed onto light-sensitive paper, producing a paper negative. from the negative an unlimited amount of duplicates could be made.

Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.
Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Frederick Scott Archer, it redused the exposure time to two or three seconds. and cost was significanlty less than the previous processes.

Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.

Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?Richard maddox, made glass plates out of gelatin

Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish? he made pgotography accessible to all

Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.
In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?
the invention of the flexible roll film sped up the process of recording multiple images.

What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?recieved a patent in 1888 for a camera designer the utilized the roll film, Eastman Kodak Comany.

Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.

How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?60 sec

What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?
paved the way for motion picture photography.

Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.

What is the Zoopraxiscope?device used to project a series of images in successive phase of motion.

Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.
How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?he used a series of large cameras placed in a line, each being triggered by a thread as a hourse passed by.

In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?individual images to be captures and stored on a single film reel.

Post a photo of a motion picture projector.

What is a motion picture projector?it shines a light and magnifys the "moving picture" onto a screen for an audience.

   

 

History #7. The Linotype Machine

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter? 
Christopher Sholes.
What is a "stenographer"?
someone skilled in the transcription of speech

Post an example of Shole's typewriter.
Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
when beginning to pursue commercial development, he realized stenographers would be among the first and most important users.

 After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
it solved only part of his problem, it still took long to typeset and copy the words. bridge the gap between the typewriter and the printed page.

Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
Mergenthaler
What is meant by "typesetting"?
commercially successful

Post an example of Linotype Machine. 
How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter? 
allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand
How did this machine change the newspaper industry?
making it possible for a small number of operators to set type for more pages on a daily basis
Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.
How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?

90 charcter keyboard
there was no shift key
therefore, uppercase letters has separate keys from lowercase letters. 
the arrangement of keys was based on letter frequency.

 Post an example of a Linotype slug.
What is a slug?
the assembled line of type is then cast as a single piece

Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.
N/A
Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?
allowed for faster typesetting than by hand

  

Logotypes

logotypes are emblems commonly used by commercial enterprises, organizations, and even individuals to promote public recognition.
numerous inventions and techniques have contributed to the contemporary logo....including logo graphics languages,such as Egyptian hieroglyphics
cats of arms,watermarks and the development of the printing technology
as the industrial revolution developed in the 18th and 19th centuries,photography and lithography contributed to the boom of an advertising industry that integrated typography and imagery together on the page
as the time topography itself was undergoing a revolution of form and expression that expanded beyond the modest serif typefaces used in books
the art were expanding in purpose from expression and decoration of an artistic story telling nature to a different of brands and products that the growing middle classes were consuming
consultancies and trades groups in the commercial arts were growing and organizing by 1890 the US had 700 lithographic printing firms employing more than 8000 people
playful children books authoritative newspapers and conversational periodicals developed their ow visual and editorial styles for unique expanding audiences
as printing cost decreased literacy rates increased and visual styles changed the victorian decorative arts lead to an expansion of typographic styles and methods of representing businesses
by 1950 modernism has shed its roots as an avant grade artistic movement
the visual simplicity and conceptual clarity that were hallmarks of modernism as an artistic movement
less is more proved successful in the era of mass visual communications
important area of graphic design
logo are meant to represent companies brands or corporate identities and foster their immediate customer
real life situations do not stare at and analyze logo
see quick and glance
5 principles of logo design:

• simple:   
• memorable 
• timeless
• versatile 
• appropriate 

makes a logo design easily recognizable, versatile, and memorable good logo featured something unexpected or unique without being over drawn. 

works across a variety of media and applications.

how you position the logo should be appropriate for its intended audience.

Four color process: technique for printing with full color. (cmyk)

spot color: method of specifying and printing colors in which each color is printed with its own ink. spot color printing is effective when the printing matter contains only one to three different colors, but becomes more expensive for more color.

Pantone Matching System. 

Combination mark: are graphics with both text and a symbolized/icon that signifies the brand image that you wish to project for your company or organization.

iconic / symbolic: icon and symbols are compelling yet uncomplicated images that are emblematic of a particular company or product. 

wordmark/ lettermark: use a company name as a whole. lettermark is the initials

Stationary Package

stationary package: the printed pieced that company utilizes for communication purpose.

when establishing a business, it is important that all communications are well coordinated and that the message of the organization is presented consistently.

includes: business cards, letterhead, and envelope

business card: an essential part of a stationary design, when you hand someone your business card, they will form an immediate opinion about your company. your business card does more than tell people hot to find you: it says something about your company- its culture, and its goal. everything from the color, fonts, the texture, shade, and gloss

typically includes:

• logo
• company name
• employee name
• title
• phone number
• fax number
• email address
• company address 
• web address

design tips: 

• must be 2"x 3.5" 
• horizontal OR vertical orientation 
• check for accuracy
• check for unity... continuity among other pieces

letterhead: a printed piece of paper used to send letters, memos, etc.

includes:

• logo 
• company name
• company address 
• phone number 
• fax number 
• web address 

design tips:

• must be 8.5"X11" (standard)
• must be vertical orientation 
• must leave room to write the letter, memo, etc-big empty space in middle
• check for accuracy 
• check for unity 

Envelopes: the packaging the contains the letter/form when being mailed, standard 10

includes:

• logo 
• company name
• company address 

design tips:

• must be 9.9'x4.125'
• horizontal OR vertical orientation
• must leave room for recipient's address and stamp
• check for accuracy
• check for unity...continuity among other pieces

#17 research and inspiration

when making a logo it has to be simple and memorable. So as inspiration I thought of some really obvious logos. They gave me ideas for my logo.

Who doesn't know batman? And everyone loves a superhero.

McDonalds is all over the world it's practically the symbol of America, one that we shouldn't be proud of...but hey we're Americans so it's alright. Haha!

Assignment #16 inspiration

I think this is adorable. I love how it spirals down and  into other time periods. It really leads you through the history of dinosaurs. That's also a plus, dinosaurs rock.

I like how the line of the light bike lead your eyes across the piece but it's hard to look at the other things around it because it attracts so much attention. I would like to do something similar to it but more calm.

History #6 The Gutenburg Press

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?
invention of the gutenberg printing press
Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.

How did the printing press work? 

What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?

Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?

Post an example of movable type in a type case.

What is moveable type?
Movable type is the system of printing that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document
Post an example of a 1930s printing press.
By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"? paper pressed through it leaving text and images on the paper

Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?
In the Gutenberg Press, ink was rolled over the raised surface of movable hand-set bloc letters held within a wooden form. The Gutenberg Press is an example of relief printing
Post an example of an intaglio press.

What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?
The image area is etched into the plate surface to hold ink, then damp paper is placed on top, add pressure, and then the ink is transferred to the paper.
Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.
What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?
The image carrier is attached to a screen and then the ink is forced through open mesh areas

Post an example of a lithography printing press.

What is lithography and how is ink transferred?
Drawings or artwork is made on a plate with greasy ink or crayon; then the ink is spread on top, the greasy parts accept the ink
What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
The presses used today are faster, cheaper and can do more than just letters on paper
How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?
Different color ink (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black) can make many colors, when mixed correctly. This color process is best for printing because it uses ink, not light like the Internet.

History #5. The Book

Post an example of a scroll. 
What were the drawbacks of the scroll?
Readers had to read the text in the order it was written and they were only allowed for sequential usage.

Post an example of a codex.

What is a codex?
A book bound with wood and string

"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
it was made with wood and wasn't supposed to be folded or rolled up
What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
With random access, a reader can read a certain page or part of the page; sequential access required the reader to read the entire thing.
What were the advantages of using the codex?
It was compacted, sturdy and easy reference because it was random access. It was also good for libraries because the title could be written on the spine.
What helped spread the use of the codex?
Creation of the Bible
What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?
Parchment was made from animal skin, smoothed out, soak the hide in water, add calcium, flour and salt, and then they dried it.
What is Vellum? 
Finer quality of parchment, made from the skins of young calves.
What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?
Decline of the Roman empire
Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?
book binding, and the format in general became slightly more sophisticated but the overall format has barely changed.
Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.
Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?
Monastic monks in the Dark Ages.
What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
The borders, with the initials of the chapters or paragraphs with painting in the margins, borders and around the text
What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
Quill pens
Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
It was decided that the beautiful books should be used for church use, especially because most of the population was illiterate.
What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?  
art or a craft. It is important for historians to see what the culture was like.

History #4. Phonetic Alphabet

The Phoenician alphabet is based on what principle?
one sign represents one sound
Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them? straight and had many angles
What two reasons made the Phoenician alphabet so successful? It was simple to learn/read. Merchants used it often therefore spreading it around.
What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet?Post an example of the Phoenician alphabet in visual form.

It took away the social classes
"The Greek Alphabet | 800 BC"
How did Greeks come in contact with the Phoenicians?
 Phoenicians traveled to greece often and made trades with the people there.
How was the Greek adaptation of the alphabet different from its predecessor?It wasn't the exact same as the Phonetician Alphabet, it had more letters and had vowels.
Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet?
-I don't know it's not in the podcast.
Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets? Post an example of the Greek alphabet in visual form.

"The Roman Alphabet | 7th century BC" 
What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet?
 The Greek alphabet
What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?
Formal was for important manuscripts and informal was more a way of jotting things down
Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make?
it added serifs and the base line
From where did serifs originate?
rome, when little notches were added to letters to prevent the chisel from slipping
When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?
-not in podcast
What is a ligature and why were they utilized?
Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form.
-not in podcast
   

History #3. Hieroglyphics

in the sixth century BC, what three civilizations invaded Egypt? Persians, Greek, and Romans
Post an example of the inside wall(s) of an Ancient Egyptian temple.

What was discovered on the inside of the temples?
Carved and painted pictures on every wall
Scholars believe that Ancient Egyptians were inspired and influenced by which written language?
cuneiform
What is the difference between logographic and alphabetic elements?
Logographic was very general and stylized, and Alphabetic was more or documenting events
The term Hieroglyphic derived from what two Greek words?
Hiero meaning sacred and Glyphic meaning engraving or writing
What is a scribe?a person who writes books or documents by hand as a profession
Who else was trained to read and write? Why?
Students, military leaders. In order to  communicate with one another in battle
Post an example of hieroglyphics on papyrus.
What is papyrus and how was it made?Substrate made from reeds native to Egypt

Rosetta Stone

What is a substrate?

What were the Books of the Dead?
The text consists of a number of magic spells intended to assist a dead person's journey through the afterlife.
How did Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics become a forgotten language?
After non-christian temples and tombs were closed people who could read hieroglyphics disappeared until no one knew how to read it
Post an example of the Rosetta Stone.
What is the Rosetta Stone? Where was it discovered?Discovered in Egypt. A rock with writing used to decipher the Hieroglyphics.
what three languages are included on the stone?It was in Greek, eygptian hieroglyphics and demotic.
Why couldn't the text on the Stone be deciphered?
The stone was broken in places and none of the three texts were complete.
Who finally deciphered the text? 
Jean Francois Champollion
What was his breakthrough?
when he matched the hieroglyphics with the Greek version of them
Why does the interpretation of the Rosetta Stone have such significance?Because now we know more about ancient Egypt and the Egyptian hieroglyphics

History #2. Cunieform

The Sumerians were one of the earliest types of this kind of civilization?
Nomadic
What does that mean?
without a fixed home
Why is the region of Sumer considered the Cradle of Civilization?
Because Cuneiform was created there
What could the Sumerians practice year round because of the regions climate?Agriculture

Sumerian Pictograph

Post an example of early Cuneiform (Sumerian pictograph).
Why was Cuneiform created?To track business transactions
What medium was used to "write" Cuneiform? Explain the process of preparing and writing on this surface? Wet clay and impress sticks into them to write and then lay them out in the sun in order to dry the slabs.
What did Cuneiform begin as a series of?
Post an example of evolved Cuneiform (wedge-shaped).
A series of pictographs

After it evolved over time, what shape did the characters of Cuneiform evolve into?
Post an example of Akkadian Cuneiform.
Wedge shaped

After the Akkadians conquered, what happened to the Sumerian culture and written language?It was adopted by the Akkadians
What is a pictograph?Visual representation of an object
Why did the creation of Cuneiform allow the Sumerians to become a sophisticated culture?
It was a new form of communication

History: #1. Cave Paintings

What are cave paintings?Representations found on the inside of cave walls and ceilings

Lascaux Painting

Name several common themes found in cave paintings?
Bison, Horses, Deer, Human hands and abstract patterns
How were these paintings created (tools, pigments)?
Water, Plant juice, Animal blood, Soil, Charcoal, Hematite
Using: Sticks, hands, small stones, leaves, animal hair
What is the most famous cave painting site? When was it discovered and by whom?Post an example of cave painting(s) from this cave.
Lascaux, France. Discovered: 1940 by four teenagers (those hooligans)

Why did this cave have to be closed? What was done to satisfy public curiosity?
The carbon dioxide damaged the paintings, France made a replica of the cave.

Post an example of cave painting(s) from Altamira cave.

In Altamira cave, why do most of the paintings have a red hue?
The soil was red
Who discovered this site? How old are the paintings confirmed to be?
Marceline Sanz De Sautuola discovered it with his daughter maria. 19K years old.
What is the oldest known cave painting site? When was it discovered and by whom?Post an example of cave painting(s) from this cave.
Chauvet-Point Arc
Discovered in 1994 by Eliette Brunell Deschamps, Christian Hillaire, Jean-Marie Chauvet.

What was different about the painting techniques at this site?
Walls were scraped to make the pictures smooth, The paintings had shading. Also stones and sticks were found that were fashioned into paint brushes
What is "speleology"?The scientific study or exploration of caves
What three reasons do archeologists and historians believe prehistoric man created cave paintings?
To tell stories or recount past events, A how-To guide on hunting techniques, Magical belief or religious reasoning that if painted their wish may come true.

Assingment #14 Research and inspiration

Copywriters are employees within organizations such as advertising agencies, public relations firms, company advertising departments, large stores, marketing firms, broadcasters and cable providers, newspapers, book publishers and magazines. Copywriters can also be independent contractors who freelance for a variety of clients, at the clients' offices or working from their own, or partners or employees in a specialized copywriting agency. Such agencies combine copywriting services with a range of editorial and associated services that may include positioning and messaging consulting, social media and SEO consulting, developmental editing, and copy editing, proofreading, fact checking, layout, and design. A copywriting agency most often serves large corporations. -Wiki

There is more than one type of copy writing. I didn't know that until I started my research. There is audio copy writing, traditional print copy writing and internet copy writing.  It's more fascinating than I would've thought.
Pay:Traditional copy writing- first page 25-450 words $480-$1200 Each additional page 200-450 words $180-$340
Internet copy writing- First page 200-600 words $480- $1200 Each additional page 200-600 words $180-$340
Audio copy writing- first minute, 75-240 words $395-$1775 Each additional minute 75-240 words $65-$105
Skills Required:
People skills, because copywritiers help the client decide: what is most affordable to produce, design "copywriter roughs", sometimes copywriters act like a producer when copy writing an audio or video script. The copywriter will stand in the studio to get a feel of how the client will say the lines. Copywriters often attend meetings give presentations and deal directly with the clients.
Becoming a copywriter on entry level:
Go to college. Get a degree in journalism, advertising, marketing, English, communications or another liberal arts or media studies field. Any type of education will help in getting a copy writing job. Have a portfolio, get internships in that feild to be able to work your way up.
Growth:
If you start with an internship you could maybe go back to that company and work as a copywriters assistant, or any little job there where lots of experience isn't particularly needed. With promotions one should eventually nd up as a copy writer.

eye movemenet

Optical center- the spot where the human eye tends to enter the page. Optical center is slightly above mathematical (or exact) center just tho the left.
Z Pattern- Our visual pattern makes a sweep of the page, generally, in the shape of a "Z"
Effective page design maps a viewer's route through the information. The designer's objective is to lead the viewer's eye to the important elements of information.
No more than two fonts in a design, in order to keep things looking clean/less hectic. Be sure they complement each other. Avoid lots of caps.
Be careful about choosing the right font. Be sure it fits the theme and tone of the design. Be appropriate when choosing serious fonts or silly fonts.
Do not overuse decorative fonts.

Assignment 13: Research and Inspiration

researching: exquisite corpses. What is it? A method by which a collection of words or images is collectively assembled. A piece of collaboration or a game.

The technique was invented by Surrealists and is similar to an old parlor game called Consequences in which players write in turn on a sheet of paper, fold it to conceal part of the writing, and then pass it to the next player for a further contribution. -from wikipedia.com
Surrealism is more of a fantasy world/ thoughts. It's looking at things that are not really real.
Some Inspiration pieces:

I really like this piece, I love how the feathers are used for his fingers. The detail is just incredible and it's really cool to look at.

Here's one called the Hawaiian Rose, I just love how they used the fish to make the flower. To me it makes me think about all the animals in the ocean and bright colors like in Hawaii. It has a nice completed feel to it.